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Lasik is a surgical procedure that uses a laser to correct nearsightedness, farsightedness, and/or astigmatism. In Lasik, a thin flap in the cornea is created using either a microkeratome blade or a femtosecond laser. The surgeon folds back the flap, then removes some corneal tissue underneath using an excimer laser.

The flap is then laid back in place, covering the area where the corneal tissue was removed. With nearsighted people, the goal of Lasik is to flatten the too-steep cornea; with farsighted people, a steeper cornea is desired. Lasik can also correct astigmatism by smoothing an irregular cornea into a more normal shape.

The Humphrey Visual Field Analyser (HVFA), is a tool for measuring the human visual field, it is used by optometrists, orthoptists and ophthalmologists, particularly for detecting monocular visual field.

Ophthalmoscopy (funduscopy) is a test that allows a health professional to see inside the Fundus of the eye and other structures using an ophthalmoscope.It is done as part of an eye examination and may be done as part of a routine physical examination. It is crucial in determining the health of the retina, optic disc, and vitreous humor.

A pachymeter is a medical device used to measure the thickness of the eye’s cornea. It is used to perform corneal pachymetry prior to refractive surgery, for Keratoconus screening, LRI surgery and is useful in screening for patients suspected of developing glaucoma among other uses.

Tonometry is a diagnostic test that measures the pressure inside your eye, which is called intraocular pressure (IOP). This measurement can help your doctor determine whether or not you may be at risk of glaucoma. Tonometry is extremely safe. However, there’s a very minimal risk that your cornea could be scratched when the tonometer touches your eye. Even if this happens, however, it will normally heal itself within a few days.

Vitreo retinal surgery refers to any operation to treat eye problems involving the retina, macula, and vitreous fluid. These include retinal detachment, macular hole, Epiretinal membrane and complications related to diabetic retinopathy.

Phacoemulsification is a modern cataract surgery in which the eye’s internal lens is emulsified with an ultrasonic handpiece and aspirated from the eye. Aspirated fluids are replaced with irrigation of balanced salt solution, thus maintaining the anterior chamber, as well as cooling the handpiece

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an established technique that uses light to capture micrometer-resolution, three-dimensional images from within optical scattering media (e.g., biological tissue). Optical coherence tomography is based on low-coherence interferometry, typically employing near-infrared light. The use of relatively long wavelength light allows it to penetrate into the scattering medium.

A refractometer is a laboratory or field device for the measurement of an index of refraction (refractometry). Automatic refractometers automatically measure the refractive index of a sample.

YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; Nd:Y3Al5O12) lasers is a crystal that is used as a lasing medium for solid-state lasers. The dopant, triply ionized neodymium, Nd(III), typically replaces a small fraction (1%) of the yttrium ions in the host crystal structure of the yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG), since the two ions are of similar size. It is the neodymium ion which provides the lasing activity in the crystal, in the same fashion as red chromium ion in ruby lasers.

The slit lamp is an instrument consisting of a high-intensity light source that can be focused to shine a thin sheet of light into the eye. It is used in conjunction with a biomicroscope.

Microsurgery is a general term for surgery requiring an operating microscope. Microsurgical techniques are utilized by several specialties today, such as: general surgery, ophthalmology, orthopedicsurgery, gynecologicalsurgery, otolaryngology,neurosurgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, podiatric surgery andpediatric surgery.

Retinal Photocoagulation Lasers are used to treat a variety of eye diseases including the two leading causes of blindness: Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-related Macular Degeneration. This precision laser can lower the risk of vision loss by cauterizing ocular blood vessels. Two types of Photocoagulation Lasers are used – the first is Focal Photocoagulation, which treats specific leaking blood vessels in the retina. The second is Scatter or Pan-retinal Photocoagulation; – used for more widespread damage over the retina. The risk of using a Retinal Photocoagulation Laser is low and side affects are rarely severe.

Fundus photography involves capturing a photograph of the back of the eye i.e. fundus. Specialized fundus cameras that consist of an intricate microscope attached to a flashed enabled camera are used in fundus photography. The main structures that can be visualized on a fundus photo are the central and peripheral retina, optic disc and macula. Fundus photography can be performed with colored filters, or with specialized dyes including fluorescein and indocyanine green.